Protein-energy malnutrition
Protein-energy malnutrition (or protein-calorie malnutrition) refers to a form of malnutrition where there is inadequate protein intake.
Types include:[2]
- Kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition predominant)
- Marasmus (deficiency in both calorie and protein nutrition)
- Marasmic Kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency and marked calorie insufficiency signs present, sometimes referred to as the most severe form of malnutrition)
Note that this may also be secondary to other conditions such as chronic renal disease[3] or cancer cachexia[4] in which protein energy wasting may occur.
Protein-energy malnutrition affects children the most because they have less protein intake. The few rare cases found in the developed world are almost entirely found in small children as a result of fad diets, or ignorance of the nutritional needs of children, particularly in cases of milk allergy.[5]
References
- ^ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002. http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls.
- ^ Franco, V.; Hotta, JK; Jorge, SM; Dos Santos, JE (1999). "Plasma fatty acids in children with grade III protein-energy malnutrition in its different clinical forms: Marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 45 (2): 71–5. doi:10.1093/tropej/45.2.71. PMID 10341499.
- ^ Muscaritoli, Maurizio; Molfino, Alessio; Bollea, Maria Rosa; Fanelli, Filippo Rossi (2009). "Malnutrition and wasting in renal disease". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 12 (4): 378–83. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832c7ae1. PMID 19474712.
- ^ Bosaeus, Ingvar (2008). "Nutritional support in multimodal therapy for cancer cachexia". Supportive Care in Cancer 16 (5): 447–51. doi:10.1007/s00520-007-0388-7. PMID 18196284.
- ^ Liu, T; Howard, RM; Mancini, AJ; Weston, WL; Paller, AS; Drolet, BA; Esterly, NB; Levy, ML et al. (2001). "Kwashiorkor in the United States: Fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance". Archives of dermatology 137 (5): 630–6. PMID 11346341.
Further reading